Swollen Legs and Ankles: Understanding Oedema

Swollen feet, ankles and lower legs are common, particularly as we get older or become less mobile. The medical term for this swelling is oedema. It happens when extra fluid builds up in the tissues beneath your skin.

Oedema can cause your legs to look puffy, your skin to feel tight or uncomfortable, and your ankles to become difficult to see. Sometimes, pressing gently on the swollen area leaves a temporary dent in the skin. This is called pitting oedema.

What causes swollen legs?

There are several possible causes, and swelling does not always mean something serious is wrong.

Reduced movement: When you spend a lot of time sitting, fluid can collect in your lower legs because your calf muscles are not working as much to help return blood towards your heart. This is particularly common if you have difficulty walking.

Circulation problems: Problems with the veins in your legs can make it harder for blood to return to your heart, allowing fluid to build up around your ankles.

Other health conditions: Heart, kidney or liver problems can cause fluid to build up in the body. Certain medications can also contribute to swelling.

It is important to remember that swelling is a symptom, not a diagnosis. The cause may need to be checked by your GP.

What can I do to help?

If your swelling has already been assessed and you have been advised that these measures are suitable, the following may help:

• Raise your legs: Rest your legs on a footstool or pillows when sitting or lying down. This can help fluid drain away from your lower legs.

• Move regularly: Gentle walking, where safe, can help improve circulation.

• Move your ankles: Slowly point your feet away from you and then pull your toes back towards you. Repeat comfortably throughout the day, if appropriate for you.

• Avoid staying in one position for too long: Change position regularly and move as much as your abilities allow.

• Look after your skin: Wash and dry your feet and legs carefully, particularly between your toes. Moisturise dry skin to help prevent cracks and protect against infection.

• Wear comfortable footwear: Choose shoes that fit without squeezing your swollen feet.

Compression stockings may help some people, but they are not suitable for everyone. Seek advice from your GP or an appropriately trained healthcare professional before starting compression, particularly if you have other medical conditions.

Do not change your prescribed medication or take water tablets (diuretics) unless advised by your healthcare professional.

When should I contact my GP?

Contact your GP if:

• The swelling is new, unexplained or persistent.

• Swelling in both legs is getting worse or has not improved after a few days.

• Your skin becomes increasingly tight, uncomfortable or changes colour.

• You notice swelling alongside unusual tiredness, reduced exercise tolerance or a recent increase in weight.

• You have an existing heart, kidney or circulation condition and your swelling changes.

Seek urgent medical advice through your GP or NHS 111 if one leg becomes swollen without an obvious explanation, or if swelling develops suddenly, is severe or painful, or the area becomes hot or red.

Call 999 immediately if you develop sudden or severe breathlessness, chest pain or tightness, or cough up blood. These symptoms may indicate a serious medical problem.

How can physiotherapy help?

If reduced mobility is contributing to your swelling, a physiotherapist can help you find safe ways to move more, exercise your ankles and legs, and improve your ability to manage everyday activities. We can also help you identify changes that may need further medical assessment.

However, physiotherapy cannot establish the cause of unexplained swelling on its own. If your symptoms are new or changing, it is important to seek appropriate medical advice.

At Physio at Home, we support people across Mid Cornwall to improve their mobility, independence and confidence at home. If you are concerned about swollen legs or ankles, speak to your GP and let your physiotherapist know.

This information is for general guidance and does not replace individual medical advice.

Further information: NHS – Swollen ankles, feet and legs (oedema)